Compounds, compositions and treatment of allergies and inflammation therewith

ABSTRACT

Novel cyclohexane derivatives of Formula (I) ##STR1## are described herein. These compounds inhibit the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor and are useful in the treatment of disease states mediated or exacerbated by TNF production; they are also useful in the mediation or inhibition of enzymatic or catalytic activity of phosphodiesterase IV and are therefore useful in the treatment of disease states in need of mediation or inhibition thereof.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This application is a 371 of PCT/US 94/10798 filed on Sep. 23, 1994.

The present invention relates to novel compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and their use in treating allergic and inflammatory diseases and for inhibiting the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Bronchial asthma is a complex, multifactorial disease characterized by reversible narrowing of the airway and hyperreactivity of the respiratory tract to external stimuli.

Identification of novel therapeutic agents for asthma is made difficult by the fact that multiple mediators are responsible for the development of the disease. Thus, it seems unlikely that eliminating the effects of a single mediator will have a substantial effect on all three components of chronic asthma. An alternative to the "mediator approach" is to regulate the activity of the cells responsible for the pathophysiology of the disease.

One such way is by elevating levels of cAMP (adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate). Cyclic AMP has been shown to be a second messenger mediating the biologic responses to a wide range of hormones, neurotransmitters and drugs; Krebs Endocrinology Proceedings of the 4th International Congress Excerpta Medica, 17-29, 1973!. When the appropriate agonist binds to specific cell surface receptors, adenylate cyclase is activated, which converts Mg⁺² -ATP to cAMP at an accelerated rate.

Cyclic AMP modulates the activity of most, if not all, of the cells that contribute to the pathophysiology of extrinsic (allergic) asthma. As such, an elevation of cAMP would produce beneficial effects including: 1) airway smooth muscle relaxation, 2) inhibition of mast cell mediator release, 3) suppression of neutrophil degranulation, 4) inhibition of basophil degranulation, and 5) inhibition of monocyte and macrophage activation. Hence, compounds that activate adenylate cyclase or inhibit phosphodiesterase should be effective in suppressing the inappropriate activation of airway smooth muscle and a wide variety of inflammatory cells. The principal cellular mechanism for the inactivation of cAMP is hydrolysis of the 3'-phosphodiester bond by one or more of a family of isozymes referred to as cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs).

It has now been shown that a distinct cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozyme, PDE IV, is responsible for cAMP breakdown in airway smooth muscle and inflammatory cells. Torphy, "Phosphodiesterase Isozymes: Potential Targets for Novel Anti-asthmatic Agents" in New Drugs for Asthma, Barnes, ed. IBC Technical Services Ltd., 1989!. Research indicates that inhibition of this enzyme not only produces airway smooth muscle relaxation, but also suppresses degranulation of mast cells, basophils and neutrophils along with inhibiting the activation of monocytes and neutrophils. Moreover, the beneficial effects of PDE IV inhibitors are markedly potentiated when adenylate cyclase activity of target cells is elevated by appropriate hormones or autocoids, as would be the case in vivo. Thus PDE IV inhibitors would be effective in the asthmatic lung, where levels of prostaglandin E₂ and prostacyclin (activators of adenylate cyclase) are elevated. Such compounds would offer a unique approach toward the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma and possess significant therapeutic advantages over agents currently on the market.

The compounds of this invention also inhibit the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a serum glycoprotein. Excessive or unregulated TNF production has been implicated in mediating or exacerbating a number of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis and other arthritic conditions; sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, gram negative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, adult respiratory distress syndrome, cerebral malaria, chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease, silicosis, pulmonary sarcoidosis, bone resorption diseases, reperfusion injury, graft vs. host reaction, allograft rejections, fever and myalgias due to infection, such as influenza, cachexia secondary to infection or malignancy, cachexia secondary to human acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS, ARC (AIDS related complex), keloid formation, scar tissue formation, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or pyresis, in addition to a number of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosis.

AIDS results from the infection of T lymphocytes with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). At least three types or strains of HIV have been identified, i.e., HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-3. As a consequence of HIV infection, T-cell-mediated immunity is impaired and infected individuals manifest severe opportunistic infections and/or unusual neoplasms. HIV entry into the T lymphocyte requires T lymphocyte activation. Viruses such as HIV-1 or HIV-2 infect T lymphocytes after T cell activation and such virus protein expression and/or replication is mediated or maintained by such T cell activation. Once an activated T lymphocyte is infected with HIV, the T lymphocyte must continue to be maintained in an activated state to permit HIV gene expression and/or HIV replication.

Cytokines, specifically TNF, are implicated in activated T-cell-mediated HIV protein expression and/or virus replication by playing a role in maintaining T lymphocyte activation. Therefore, interference with cytokine activity such as by inhibition of cytokine production, notably TNF, in an mIV-infected individual aids in limiting the maintenance of T cell activation, thereby reducing the progression of HIV infectivity to previously uninfected cells which results in a slowing or elimination of the progression of immune dysfunction caused by HIV infection. Monocytes, macrophages, and related cells, such as kupffer and glial cells, have also been implicated in maintenance of the HIV infection. These cells, like T cells, are targets for viral replication and the level of viral replication is dependent upon the activation state of the cells. See Rosenberg et al., The Immunopathogenesis of HIV Infection, Advances immunology, Vol. 57, 1989!. Monokines, such as TNF, have been shown to activate HIV replication in monocytes and/or macrophages See Poli et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:782-784, 1990!, therefore, inhibition of monokine production or activity aids in limiting HIV progression as stated above for T cells.

TNF has also been implicated in various roles with other viral infections, such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza virus, adenovirus, and the herpes virus for similar reasons as those noted.

TNF is also associated with yeast and fungal infections. Specifically Candida albicans has been shown to induce TNF production in vitro in human monocytes and natural killer cells. See Riipi et al., Infection and Immunity, 58(9):2750-54, 1990; and Jafari et al., Journal of Infectious Diseases, 164:389-95, 1991. See also Wasan et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 35,(10):2046-48, 1991; and Luke et al., Journal of Infectious Diseases, 162:211-214,1990!.

The ability to control the adverse effects of TNF is furthered by the use of the compounds which inhibit TNF in mammals who are in need of such use. There remains a need for compounds which are useful in treating TNF-mediated disease states which are exacerbated or caused by the excessive and/or unregulated production of TNF.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the novel compounds of Formula (I) which are useful in the mediation or inhibition of the enzymatic activity (or catalytic activity) of phosphodiesterase IV (PDE IV). The novel compounds of Formula (I) also have Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) inhibitory activity.

This invention also relates to the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

The invention also relates to a method of mediation or inhibition of the enzymatic activity (or catalytic activity) of PDE IV in mammals, including humans, which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), as shown below.

The invention further provides a method for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory disease which comprises administering to a mammal, including humans, in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I). The invention also provides a method for the treatment of asthma which comprises administering to a mammal, including humans, in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

This invention also relates to a method of inhibiting TNF production in a mammal, including humans, which method comprises administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, an effective TNF inhibiting amount of a compound of Formula (I). This method may be used for the prophylactic treatment or prevention of certain TNF mediated disease states amenable thereto.

This invention also relates to a method of treating a human afflicted with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which comprises administering to such human an effective TNF inhibiting amount of a compound of Formula (I).

The compounds of Formula (I) are also useful in the treatment of additional viral infections, where such viruses are sensitive to upregulation by TNF or will elicit TNF production in vivo.

The compounds of Formula (I) are also useful in the treatment of yeast and fungal infections, where such yeast and fungi are sensitive to upregulation by TNF or will elicit TNF production in vivo.

The novel compounds of this invention are represented by the structure: ##STR2## wherein: R₁ is --(CR₄ R₅)_(n) C(O)O(CR₄ R₅)_(m) R₆, --(CR₄ R₅)_(n) C(O)NR₄ (CR₄ R₅)_(m) R₆, --(CR₄ R₅)_(n) O(CR₄ R₅)_(m) R₆, or --(CR₄ R₅)_(r) R₆ wherein the alkyl moieties may be optionally substituted with one or more halogens;

m is 0 to 2;

n is 1 to 4;

r is 0 to 6;

R₄ and R₅ are independently selected from hydrogen or a C₁₋₂ alkyl;

R₆ is hydrogen, methyl, hydroxyl, aryl, halo substituted aryl, aryloxyC₁₋₃ alkyl, halo substituted aryloxyC₁₋₃ alkyl, indanyl, indenyl, C₇₋₁₁ polycycloalkyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, furanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thienyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, thiopyranyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, or a C₄₋₆ cycloalkyl containing one or two unsaturated bonds, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocyclic moieties may be optionally substituted by 1 to 3 methyl groups or one ethyl group;

provided that:

a) when R₆ is hydroxyl, then m is 2; or

b) when R₆ is hydroxyl, then r is 2 to 6; or

c) when R₆ is 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 2-tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, or 2-tetrahydrothienyl, then m is 1 or 2; or

d) when R₆ is 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 2-tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, or 2-tetrahydrothienyl, then r is 1 to 6;

e) when n is 1 and m is 0, then R₆ is other than H in --(CR₄ R₅)_(n) O(CR₄ R₅)_(m) R₆ ;

X is YR₂, halogen, nitro, NR₄ R₅, or formyl amine;

Y is O or S(O)_(m') ;

m' is a number having a value of 0, 1, or 2;

X₂ is O or NR₈ ;

X₃ is hydrogen or X;

R₂ is independently selected from --CH₃ or --CH₂ CH₃ optionally substituted by 1 or more halogens;

s is 0 to 4;

R₃ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, halo-substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, CH₂ NHC(O)C(O)NH₂, --CH═CR_(8') R_(8'), cyclopropyl optionally substituted by R_(8'), CN, OR₈, CH₂ OR₈, NR₈ R₁₀, CH₂ NR₈ R₁₀, C(Z')H, C(O)OR₈, C(O)NR₈ R₁₀, or C.tbd.CR_(8') ;

Z' is O, NR₉, NOR₈, NCN, C(--CN)₂, CR₈ CN, CR₈ NO₂, CR₈ C(O)OR₈, CR₈ C(O)NR₈ R₈, C(--CN)NO₂, C(--CN)C(O)OR₉, or C(--CN)C(O)NR₈ R₈ ;

Z is OR₁₄, OR₁₅, SR₁₄, S(O)_(m') R₇, S(O)₂ NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₄ C(O)R₉, NR₁₀ C(Y')R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(O)OR₇, NR₁₀ C(Y')NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ S(O)₂ NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(NCN)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ S(O)₂ R₇, NR₁₀ C(CR₄ NO₂)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(NCN)SR₉, NR₁₀ C(CR₄ NO₂)SR₉, NR₁₀ C(NR₁₀)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₄, or NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)OR₁₄ ;

Y' is O or S;

R₇ is --(CR₄ R₅)_(q) R₁₂ or C₁₋₆ alkyl wherein the R₁₂ or C₁₋₆ alkyl group is optionally substituted one or more times by C₁₋₂ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines, --F, --Br, --Cl, --NO₂, --NR₁₀ R₁₁, --C(O)R₈, --C(O)OR₈, --OR₈, --CN, --C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --OC(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --OC(O)R₈, --NR₁₀ C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --NR₁₀ C(O)R₁₁, --NR₁₀ C(O)OR₉, --NR₁₀ C(O)R₁₃, --C(NR₁₀)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --C(NCN)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --C(NCN)SR₉, --NR₁₀ C(NCN)SR₉, --NR₁₀ C(NCN)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --NR₁₀ S(O)₂ R₉, --S(O)_(m') R₉, --NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)R₁₀, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, xazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, or tetrazolyl;

q is 0, 1, or 2;

R₁₂ is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, (2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl), pyrimidyl, pyrazolyl, (1- or 2-imidazolyl), thiazolyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, furanyl, 2- or 3-thienyl), (4- or 5-thiazolyl), quinolinyl, naphthyl, or phenyl;

R₈ is independently selected from hydrogen or R₉ ;

R_(8') is R₈ or fluorine;

R₉ is C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines;

R₁₀ is OR₈ or R₁₁ ;

R₁₁ is hydrogen, or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines; or when R₁₀ and R₁₁ are as NR₁₀ R₁₁ they may together with the nitrogen form a 5 to 7 membered ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from O, N, or S;

R₁₃ is oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl, and each of these heterocyclic rings is connected through a carbon atom and each may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or two C₁₋₂ alkyl groups;

R₁₄ is hydrogen or R₇ ; or when R₁₀ and R₁₄ are as NR₁₀ R₁₄ they may together with the nitrogen form a 5 to 7 membered ring optionally containing one or more additional heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S;

R₁₅ is C(O)R₁₄, C(O)NR₄ R₁₄, S(O)₂ R₇, or S(O)₂ NR₄ R₁₄ ;

provided that:

f) when X₂ is oxygen, X₃ and R₃ are hydrogen and s is 0, then R₃ is other than OH or OCH₃ ;

f) when Z is OH, X is YR₂ where Y is oxygen and R₂ is CH₃, X₂ is oxygen, X₃ is hydrogen, s is 0, and R₁ is CH₃, then R₃ is other than COOH;

g) when Z is OH, or OCH₃, X₂ is oxygen, X₃ is hydrogen, s is 0, and X is YR₂, then R₃ is other than H;

h) when Z is OS(O)₂ C₁₋₆ alkyl or OS(O)₂ aryl, X₂ is oxygen, X₃ is hydrogen, s is 0, then R₃ is other than OR₈ ;

i) when R₁₂ is N-pyrazolyl, N-imidazolyl, N-triazolyl, N-pyrrolyl, N-piperazinyl, N-piperidinyl, or N-morpholinyl, then q is not 1; or

j) when Z is OH or OSO₂ R₇ and R₃ is CH₃, CHOH or CH₂ OC₁₋₃ alkyl, then R₁ X₂ is not C₁₋₃ alkoxy and X is not halogen, methoxy, ethoxy, methylthio or ethylthio;

k) when Z is --NH₂, NH(C₁₋₃ alkyl), N(C₁₋₃ alkyl)₂, NH(CH₂)₂₋₅ C(O)Ar where Ar is naphthyl or phenyl or Z is unsubstituted or substituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl or piperazinyl and R₃ is CH₃, CHOH or CH₂ OC₁₋₃ alkyl, then R₁ X₂ is not C₁₋₃ alkoxy and X is not halogen, methoxy, ethoxy, methylthio or ethylthio;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the novel compounds of Formula (I), and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. This invention also relates to a method of mediating or inhibiting the enzymatic activity (or catalytic activity) of PDE IV in a mammal in need thereof and to inhibiting the production of TNF in a mammal in need thereof, which comprises administering to said mammal an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

Phosphodiesterase IV inhibitors are useful in the treatment of a variety of allergic and inflammatory diseases including: asthma, chronic bronchitis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, eosinophilic granuloma, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, reperfusion injury of the myocardium and brain, chronic glomerulonephritis, endotoxic shock and adult respiratory distress syndrome. In addition, PDE IV inhibitors are useful in the treatment of diabetes insipidus, Kidney Int., 37:362, 1990; Kidney Int., 35:494, 1989! and central nervous system disorders such as depression and multi-infarct dementia.

The compounds of Formula (I) are also useful in the treatment of viral infections, where such viruses are sensitive to upregulation by TNF or will elicit TNF production in vivo. The viruses contemplated for treatment herein are those that produce TNF as a result of infection, or those which are sensitive to inhibition, such as by decreased replication, directly or indirectly, by the TNF inhibitors of Formula (I). Such viruses include, but are not limited to HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-3, cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza, adenovirus and the Herpes group of viruses, such as, but not limited to, Herpes zoster and Herpes simplex.

The compounds of Formula (I) are also useful in the treatment of yeast and fungal infections, where such yeast and fungi are sensitive to upregulation by TNF or will elicit TNF production in vivo. A preferred disease state for treatment is fungal meningitis. Additionally, the compounds of Formula (I) may be administered in conjunction with other drugs of choice for systemic yeast and fungal infections. Drugs of choice for fungal infections, include but are not limited to the class of compounds called the polymixins, such as Polymycin B, the class of compounds called the imidazoles, such as clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole; the class of compounds called the triazoles, such as fluconazole, and itranazole, and the class of compound called the Amphotericins, in particular Amphotericin B and liposomal Amphotericin B.

The co-administration of the anti-fungal agent with a compound of Formula (I) may be in any preferred composition for that compound such as is well known to those skilled in the art, for instance the various Amphotericin B formulations. Co-administration of an anti-fungal agent with a compound of Formula (I) may mean simultaneous administration or in practice, separate administration of the agents to the mammal but in a consecutive manner. In particular, the compounds of Formula (I) may be co-administered with a formulation of Amphotericin B, notably for systemic fungal infections. The preferred organism for treatment is the Candida organism. The compounds of Formula (I) may be co-administered in a similar manner with anti-viral or anti-bacterial agents.

The compounds of Formula (I) may also be used for inhibiting and/or reducing the toxicity of an anti-fungal, anti-bacterial or anti-viral agent by administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) to a mammal in need of such treatment. Preferably, a compound of Formula (I) is administered for inhibiting or reducing the toxicity of the Amphotericin class of compounds, in particular Amphotericin B.

The preparation of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt will be determined by the nature of the compound itself, and can be prepared by conventional techniques readily available to one skilled in the art.

When R₁ is an alkyl substituted by 1 or more halogens, the halogens are preferably fluorine and chlorine, more preferably a C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted by 1 or more fluorines. The preferred halo-substituted alkyl chain length is one or two carbons, and most preferred are the moieties --CF₃, --CH₂ F, --CHF₂, --CF₂ CHF₂, --CH₂ CF₃, and --CH₂ CHF₂. Preferred R₁ substitutents for the compounds of Formula (I) are CH₂ -cyclopropyl, CH₂ -C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₇₋₁₁ polycycloalkyl, (3- or 4-cyclopentenyl), phenyl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, benzyl or C₁₋₂ alkyl optionally substituted by 1 or more fluorines, --(CH₂)₁₋₃ C(O)O(CH₂)₀₋₂ CH₃, --(CH₂)₁₋₃ O(CH₂)₀₋₂ CH₃, and --(CH₂)₂₋₄ OH.

When R₁ term contains the moiety (CR₄ R₅), the R₄ and R₅ terms are independently hydrogen or alkyl. This allows for branching of the individual methylene units as (CR₄ R₅)_(n) or (CR₄ R₅)_(m) ; each repeating methylene unit is independent of the other, e.g., (CR₄ R₅)_(n) wherein n is 2 can be --CH₂ CH(--CH₃)--, for instance. The individual hydrogen atoms of the repeating methylene unit or the branching hydrocarbon can optionally be substituted by fluorine independent of each other to yield, for instance, the preferred R₁ substitutions, as noted above.

When R₁ is a C₇₋₁₁ polycycloalkyl, examples are bicyclo 2.2.1!-heptyl, bicyclo 2.2.2!octyl, bicyclo 3.2.1!octyl, tricyclo 5.2.1.0²,6 !decyl, etc. additional examples of which are described in Saccamano et al., WO 87/06576, published 5, Nov. 1987, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Z is preferably OR₁₄, OR₁₅, SR₁₄, S(O)_(m') R₇, S(O)₂ NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₄ C(O)R₉, NR₁₀ C(O)R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(O)OR₇, NR₁₀ C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ S(O)₂ NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(NCN)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ S(O)₂ R₇, NR₁₀ C(CR₄ NO₂)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(NCN)SR₉, NR₁₀ C(CR₄ NO₂)SR₉, NR₁₀ C(NR₁₀)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₄, or NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)OR₁₄ ; most preferred are those compounds wherein the R₁₄ group of Z is R₄.

Preferred X groups for Formula (I) are those wherein X is YR₂ and Y is oxygen. The preferred X₂ group for Formula (I) is that wherein X₂ is oxygen. The preferred X₃ group for Formula (I) is that wherein X₃ is hydrogen. Preferred R₂ groups, where applicable, is a C₁₋₂ alkyl optionally substituted by 1 or more halogens. The halogen atoms are preferably fluorine and chlorine, more preferably fluorine. More preferred R₂ groups are those wherein R₂ is methyl, or the fluoro-substituted alkyls, specifically a C₁₋₂ alkyl, such as a --CF₃, --CHF₂, or --CH₂ CHF₂ moiety. Most preferred are the --CHF₂ and --CH₃ moieties.

Preferred R₃ moieties are C(O)NH₂, CH₂ NHC(O)C(O)NH₂, C.tbd.CR₈, CN, C(Z')H, CH₂ OH, CH₂ F, CF₂ H, and CF₃. More preferred are C.tbd.CH and CN. Z' is preferably O or NOR₈.

Preferred R₇ moieties include optionally substituted --(CH₂)₁₋₂ (cyclopropyl), --(CH₂)₀₋₂ (cyclobutyl), --(CH₂)₀₋₂ (cyclopentyl), --(CH₂)₀₋₂ (cyclohexyl), --(CH₂)₀₋₂ (2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl), (CH₂)₁₋₂ (2-imidazolyl), (CH₂)₂ (4-morpholinyl), (CH₂)₂ (4-piperazinyl), (CH₂)₁₋₂ (2-thienyl), (CH₂)₁₋₂ (4-thiazolyl), and (CH₂)₀₋₂ phenyl;

Preferred rings when R₁₀ and R₁₁ in the moiety --NR₁₀ R₁₁ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 to 7 membered ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from O, N, or S include, but are not limited to 1-imidazolyl, 2-(R₈)-1-imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, 3-(R₈)-1-pyrazolyl, 1-triazolyl, 2-triazolyl, 5-(R₈)-1-triazolyl, 5-(R₈)-2-triazolyl, 5-(R₈)-1-tetrazolyl, 5-(R₈)-2-tetrazolyl, 1-tetrazolyl, 2-tetrazloyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, 4-(R₈)-1-piperazinyl, or pyrrolyl ring.

Preferred rings when R₁₀ and R₁₄ in the moiety --NR₁₀ R₁₄ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached may form a 5 to 7 membered ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from O, N, or S include, but are not limited to 1-imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, 1-triazolyl, 2-triazolyl, 1-tetrazolyl, 2-tetrazolyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, and pyrrolyl. The respective rings may be additionally substituted, where applicable, on an available nitrogen or carbon by the moiety R₇ as described herein for Formula (I). Illustrations of such carbon substitutions includes, but is not limited to, 2-(R₇)-1-imidazolyl, 4-(R₇)-1-imidazolyl, 5-(R₇)-1-imidazolyl, 3-(R₇)-1-pyrazolyl, 4-(R₇)-1-pyrazolyl, 5-(R₇)-1-pyrazolyl, 4-(R₇)-2-trizolyl, 5-(R₇)-2-triazolyl, 4-(R₇)-1-triazolyl, 5-(R₇)-1-triazolyl, 5-(R₇)-1-tetrazolyl, and 5-(R₇)-2-tetrazolyl. Applicable nitrogen substitution by R₇ includes, but is not limited to, 1-(R₇)-2-tetrazolyl, 2-(R₇)-1-tetrazolyl, 4-(R₇)-1-piperazinyl. Where applicable, the ring may be substituted one or more times by R₇.

Preferred groups for NR₁₀ R₁₄ which contain a heterocyclic ring are 5-(R₁₄)-1-tetrazolyl, 2-(R₁₄)-1-imidazolyl, 5-(R₁₄)-2-tetrazolyl, 4-(R₁₄)-1-piperazinyl, or 4-(R₁₅)-1-piperazinyl.

Preferred rings for R₁₃ include (2-, 4- or 5-imidazolyl), (3-, 4- or 5-pyrazolyl), (4- or 5-triazolyl 1,2,3!), (3- or 5-triazolyl 1,2,4!), (5-tetrazolyl), (2-, 4- or 5-oxazolyl), (3-, 4- or 5-isoxazolyl), (3- or 5-oxadiazolyl 1,2,4!), (2-oxadiazolyl 1,3,4!), (2-thiadiazolyl 1,3,4!), (2-, 4-, or 5-thiazolyl), (2-, 4-, or 5-oxazolidinyl), (2-, 4-, or 5-thiazolidinyl), or (2-, 4-, or 5-imidazolidinyl).

When the R₇ group is optionally substituted by a heterocyclic ring such as imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, or thiazolyl, the heterocyclic ring itself may be optionally substituted by R₈ either on an available nitrogen or carbon atom, such as 1-(R₈)-2-imidazolyl, 1-(R₈)-4-imidazolyl, 1-(R₈)-5-imidazolyl, 1-(R₈)-3-pyrazolyl, 1-(R₈)-4-pyrazolyl, 1-(R₈)-5-pyrazolyl, 1-(R₈)-4-triazolyl, or 1-(R₈)-5-triazolyl. Where applicable, the ring may be substituted one or more times by R₈.

Preferred are those compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is --CH₂ -cyclopropyl, CH₂ -C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl, --C₄₋₆ cycloalkyl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, (3- or 4-cyclopentenyl), benzyl or --C₁₋₂ alkyl optionally substituted by 1 or more fluorines, and --(CH₂)₂₋₄ OH; R₂ is methyl or fluoro-substituted alkyl, R₃ is CN or C.tbd.CR₈ ; and X is YR₂.

Most preferred are those compounds wherein R₁ is --CH₂ -cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, methyl or CF₂ H; R₃ is CN or C.tbd.CH; X is YR₂ ; Y is oxygen; X₂ is oxygen; X₃ is hydrogen; and R₂ is CF₂ H or methyl.

A preferred subgenus of Formula (I) is the compounds of Formula (Ia) and (Ib) ##STR3## wherein: R₁ is --CH₂ -cyclopropyl, --CH₂ -C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl, --C₄₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₇₋₁₁ polycycloalkyl, (3- or 4-cyclopentenyl), phenyl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, benzyl or C₁₋₂ alkyl optionally substituted by 1 or more fluorines, --(CH₂)₁₋₃ C(O)O(CH₂)₀₋₂ CH₃, --(CH₂)₁₋₃ O(CH₂)₀₋₂ CH₃, and --(CH₂)₂₋₄ OH;

m is 0 to 2;

n is 1 to 4;

r is 0 to 6;

R₄ and R₅ are independently selected from hydrogen or a C₁₋₂ alkyl;

R₆ is hydrogen, methyl, hydroxyl, aryl, halo substituted aryl, aryloxyC₁₋₃ alkyl, halo substituted aryloxyC₁₋₃ alkyl, indanyl, indenyl, C₇₋₁₁ polycycloalkyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, furanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thienyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, thiopyranyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, or a C₄₋₆ cycloalkyl containing one or two unsaturated bonds, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocyclic moieties may be optionally substituted by 1 to 3 methyl groups or one ethyl group;

provided that:

a) when R₆ is hydroxyl, then m is 2; or

b) when R₆ is hydroxyl, then r is 2 to 6; or

c) when R₆ is 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 2-tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, or 2-tetrahydrothienyl, then m is 1 or 2; or

d) when R₆ is 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 2-tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, or 2-tetrahydrothienyl, then r is 1 to 6;

e) when n is 1 and m is 0, then R₆ is other than H in --(CR₄ R₅)_(n) O(CR₄ R₅)_(m) R₆ ;

X is YR₂, halogen, nitro, NR₄ R₅, or formyl amine;

Y is O or S(O)_(m') ;

m' is 0, 1, or 2;

R₂ is --CH₃ or --CH₂ CH₃ optionally substituted by 1 or more halogens;

R₃ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, CH₂ NHC(O)C(O)NH₂, halo-substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, CN, CH₂ OR₈, C(Z')H, C(O)OR₈, C(O)NR₈ R₁₀, or C.tbd.CR₈ ;

Z' is O or NOR₈ ;

Z is OR₁₄, OR₁₅, SR₁₄, S(O)_(m') R₇, S(O)₂ NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₄ C(O)R₉, NR₁₀ C(O)R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(O)OR₇, NR₁₀ C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ S(O)₂ NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(NCN)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ S(O)₂ R₇, NR₁₀ C(CR₄ NO₂)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(NCN)SR₉, NR₁₀ C(CR₄ NO₂)SR₉, NR₁₀ C(NR₁₀)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₄, or NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)OR₁₄ ;

R₇ is --(CR₄ R₅)_(q) R₁₂ or C₁₋₆ alkyl wherein the R₁₂ or C₁₋₆ alkyl group is optionally substituted one or more times by C₁₋₂ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines, --F, --Br, --Cl, --NO₂, --NR₁₀ R₁₁, --C(O)R₈, --C(O)OR₈, --OR₈, --CN, --C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --OC(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --OC(O)R₈, --NR₁₀ C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --NR₁₀ C(O)R₁₁, --NR₁₀ C(O)OR₉, --NR₁₀ C(O)R₁₃, --C(NR₁₀)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --C(NCN)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --C(NCN)SR₉, --NR₁₀ C(NCN)SR₉, --NR₁₀ C(NCN)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --NR₁₀ S(O)₂ R₉, --S(O)_(m') R₉, --NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)R₁₀, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, or tetrazolyl;

q is 0, 1, or 2;

R₁₂ is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, (2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl), (1- or 2-imidazolyl), piperazinyl, morpholinyl, (2- or 3-thienyl), (4- or 5-thiazolyl), or phenyl;

R₈ is independently selected from hydrogen or R₉ ;

R₉ is C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines;

R₁₀ is OR₈ or R₁₁ ;

R₁₁ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines; or when R₁₀ and R₁₁ are as NR₁₀ R₁₁ they may together with the nitrogen form a 5 to 7 membered ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from O, N, or S;

R₁₃ is oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl, and each of these heterocyclic rings is connected through a carbon atom and each may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or two C₁₋₂ alkyl groups;

R₁₄ is hydrogen or R₇ ; or when R₁₀ and R₁₄ are as NR₁₀ R₁₄ they may together with the nitrogen form a 5 to 7 membered ring optionally containing one or more additional heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S;

R₁₅ is C(O)R₁₄, C(O)NR₄ R₁₄, S(O)₂ R₇, or S(O)₂ NR₄ R₁₄ ;

provided that:

f) when R₃ is hydrogen in Formula (Ia), then R₃ is other than OH or OCH₃ ;

f) when Z is OH, X is YR₂ where Y is oxygen and R₂ is CH₃, X₂ is oxygen, X₃ is hydrogen, s is 0, R₂ is CH₃ in YR₂, and R₁ is CH₃, then R₃ is other than COOH;

g) when Z is OH, or OCH₃, X₂ is oxygen, X₃ is hydrogen, s is 0, and X is YR₂, then R₃ is other than H;

h) when Z is S(O)₂ C₁₋₆ alkyl or S(O)₂ aryl, X₂ is oxygen, X₃ is hydrogen, s is 0, then R₃ is other than OR₈ ;

i) when R₁₂ is N-pyrazolyl, N-imidazolyl, N-triazolyl, N-pyrrolyl, N-piperazinyl, N-piperidinyl, or N-morpholinyl, then q is not 1;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Exemplified compounds of Formula (I) are:

cis- N-methoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!;

trans- N-methoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!;

cis- N-methyl-N-methoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!;

cis- N-methyl-1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!;

cis- N-methyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexyl-1-amine!;

cis- N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-N-methyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!;

trans- 1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!;

cis- 1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!;

trans- 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine, hydrochloride salt!;

cis-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine, hydrochloride salt!;

cis- 1-tert.butoxycarbonylamino-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!

b) trans- 1-tert.butoxycarbonylamino-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!; and

cis- and trans- 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-ol!. It will be recognized that some of the compounds of Formula (I) may exist in both racemic and optically active forms; some may also exist in distinct diastereomeric forms possessing distinct physical and biological properties. All of these compounds are considered to be within the scope of the present invention. Therefore another aspect of the present invention is the administration of either a racemate, a single enantiomeric form, a single diastereomeric form, or mixtures thereof.

The terms cis and trans denote stereochemistry at the C-1 position of the cyclohexane ring relative to the R₃ group at the C-4 position.

The term "C₁₋₃ alkyl", "C₁₋₄ alkyl", "C₁₋₆ alkyl" or "alkyl" includes both straight or branched chain radicals of 1 to 10, unless the chain length is limited thereto, including, but not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl.

"Alkenyl" includes both straight or branched chain radicals of 1 to 6 carbon lengths, unless the chain length is limited thereto, including but not limited to vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-propynyl, or 3-methyl-2-propenyl.

The term "cycloalkyl" or "cycloalkyl alkyl" includes 3-7 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

"Aryl" or "aralkyl", unless specified otherwise, means an aromatic ring or ring system of 6-10 carbon atoms, such as phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, or naphthyl. Preferably the aryl is monocyclic, i.e, phenyl. The alkyl chain includes both straight or branched chain radicals of 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

"Heteroaryl" means an aromatic ring system containing one or more heteroatoms, such as imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, or thienyl.

"Halo" means chloro, fluoro, bromo, or iodo.

The term "inhibiting the production of IL-1" or "inhibiting the production of TNF" means:

a) a decrease of excessive in vivo IL-1 or TNF levels, respectively, in a human to normal levels or below normal levels by inhibition of the in vivo release of IL-1 by all cells, including but not limited to monocytes or macrophages;

b) a down regulation, at the translational or transcriptional level, of excessive in vivo IL-1 or TNF levels, respectively, in a human to normal levels or below normal levels; or

c) a down regulation, by inhibition of the direct synthesis of IL-1 or TNF levels as a postranslational event.

The phrase "TNF mediated disease or disease states" means any and all disease states in which TNF plays a role, either by production of TNF itself, or by TNF causing another cytokine to be released, such as but not limited to IL-1 or IL-6. A disease state in which IL-1, for instance is a major component, and whose production or action, is exacerbated or secreted in response to TNF, would therefore be considered a disease state mediated by TNF. As TNF-β (also known as lymphotoxin) has close structural homology with TNF-α (also known as cachectin), and since each induces similar biologic responses and binds to the same cellular receptor, both TNF-α and TNF-β are inhibited by the compounds of the present invention and thus are herein referred to collectively as "TNF" unless specifically delineated otherwise. Preferably TNF-α is inhibited.

"Cytokine" means any secreted polypeptide that affects the functions of cells, and is a molecule which modulates interactions between cells in immune, inflammatory, or hematopoietic responses.

The cytokine inhibited by the present invention for use in the treatment of a HIV-infected human must be a cytokine which is implicated in (a) the initiation and/or maintenance of T cell activation and/or activated T cell-mediated HIV gene expression and/or replication, and/or (b) any cytokine-mediated disease associated problem such as cachexia or muscle degeneration. Preferrably this cytokine is TNF-α.

All of the compounds of Formula (I) are useful in the method of inhibiting the production of TNF, preferably by macrophages, monocytes or macrophages and monocytes, in a mammal, including humans, in need thereof. All of the compounds of Formula (I) are useful in the method of inhibiting or mediating the enzymatic or catalytic activity of PDE IV and in treatment of disease states mediated thereby.

METHODS OF PREPARATION

Preparing compounds of Formula (I) can be carried out by one of skill in the art according to the procedures outlined in the Examples, infra. The preparation of any remaining compounds of Formula (I) not described therein may be prepared by the analogous processes disclosed herein which comprise:

a) for compounds wherein X or X₃ is other than Br, I, NO₂, amino, or S(O)_(m') R₂ when m' is 0, 1 or 2 and R₃ is other than C(═Z')H and wherein Z is OH, reacting a compound of Formula (2) ##STR4## wherein R₁ represents R₁ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to R₁ and X and X₃ represent X and X₃ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to X or X₃ and R₃ represents R₃ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to R₃, with a suitable reducing agent, such as lithium borohydride, disiamylborane, lithium aluminum tris-(t-butoxide), or sodium borohydride, in a suitable non-reacting solvent, such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran or an alcohol, to provide compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₃ is other than C(═Z')H and wherein Z is OH; preparation of such compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₃ is C(═Z')H proceed in an analogous fashion from the compound of Formula (2) wherein ═Z' is an aldehyde protecting group, such as a dimethylacetal or a dioxolane, followed by deprotection to the aldehyde and subsequent elaboration by standard procedures known to those of skill in the art to the remaining compounds of Formula (I) wherein Z' is other than O.

For compounds wherein R₃ is other than C(═Z')H and wherein Z is NH₂, NHCH₃, or N(CH₃)₂, reacting a compound of Formula (2) wherein R₁ represents R₁ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to R₁ and X and X₃ represent X and X₃ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to X or X₃ and R₃ represents R₃ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to R₃, with an ammonium salt, such as, for example, ammonium formate, methylamine hydrochloride, or dimethylamine hydrochloride, respectively, in the presence of a suitable reducing agent, such as sodium cyanoborohydride, in a suitable solvent, such as an alcohol, to provide compounds of Formula (I) wherein Z is NH₂, NHCH₃, or N(CH₃)₂, respectively; preparation of such compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₃ is C(═Z')H proceed in an analogous fashion from the compound of Formula (2) wherein ═Z' is an aldehyde protecting group, such as a dimethylacetal or a dioxolane, followed by deprotection to the aldehyde and subsequent elaboration by standard procedures known to those of skill in the art to the remaining compounds of Formula (I) wherein Z' is other than O.

Alternatively, compounds of Formula (I) wherein Z is NH₂ may be prepared by reacting an appropriate alcohol of Formula (2) wherein Z is OH, R₁ represents R₁ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to R₁ and X and X₃ represent X and X₃ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to X or X₃ and R₃ represents R₃ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to R₃, with a complex of a phosphine, such as triphenyl phosphine, and an azodicarboxylate ester in the presence of an imide, such as phthalimide, followed by, e.g., hydrazinolysis in an alcoholic solvent.

Compounds of Formula (I) wherein Z is SR₁₄ may be prepared by reacting an appropriate compound of Formula (2) wherein Z is a leaving group, e.g., a mesylate, tosylate, chloride, or bromide, R₁ represents R₁ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to R₁ and X and X₃ represent X and X₃ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to X or X₃ and R₃ represents R₃ as defined in relation to Formula (I) or a group convertable to R₃, with a metal salt of a mercaptan, such as NaSR₁₄ in an appropriate aprotic solvent. Compounds of Formula (I) wherein Z is SH may be prepared by reacting an appropriate alcohol of Formula (2) wherein Z is OH with a complex of a phosphine, such as triphenyl phosphine, and an azodicarboxylate ester in the presence of thiolacetic acid, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting thiolacetate.

Compounds of Formula (I) wherein Z is OH may be interconverted using the standard alcohol inversion procedures known in the art. It will be recognized that compounds of Formula (I) may exist in two distinct diastereomeric forms possessing distinct physical and biological properties; such isomers may be separated by standard chromatographic methods. Such isomers may be independently converted to the remaining compounds of Formula (I) wherein Z is other than OH, SH, and NH₂ by any of the wide variety of O, S, and N alkylation, sulfamidation, imidation, oxidation, or acylation procedures known to those of skill in the art.

For example, with proper manipulation of any chemically sensitive functional groups, compounds of Formula (I) wherein NR₁₃ R₁₄ represent a ring, such as a 1- or 2-tetrazole, may be derived from reaction of an appropriate compound of Formula (I) wherein Z is a leaving group, e.g., a mesylate, tosylate, chloride or bromide, with the appropriate metal salt of HNR₁₃ R₁₄, e.g., 5-(R₁₄)-tetrazole; the appropriate compound of Formula (I) wherein Z is mesylate, tosylate, Br or Cl, derived in turn from the appropriate compound of Formula (I) wherein Z is OH.

With proper manipulation (protection/deprotection) of any chemically sensitive functional groups:

a) Compounds of the Formula (I) wherein X or X₃ are formyl amine may be formed at the last step, by formylating a compound wherein X or X₃ is NH₂, obtained by removal of a protecting group from the amine functionality; such protective groups are well known to those skilled in the art, See Greene, T. and Wuts, P. G. M., Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York (1991).

b) Compounds of the Formula (I) wherein X or X₃ are Br, I or SR₂ may be prepared from a similarly deprotected amine by diazotization of the amine and diazonium displacement.

c) Compounds of the Formula (I) wherein X or X₃ are NO₂ may be prepared from a similarly deprotected amine by oxidation of the amine to the nitro group.

d) Compounds of the Formula (I) wherein Y is S(O)m' when m' is 0, 1 or 2 may be prepared from the compounds of the Formula (I) wherein Y is S by oxidation of the SR₂ moiety under conditions well known those skilled in the art.

It will be recognized that compounds of the Formula (I) may exist in two distinct diastereomeric forms possessing distinct physical and biological properties; such isomers may be separated by standard chromatographic methods.

Compounds of Formula (2) may be prepared in turn by the processes described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/130,215 filed 01, Oct. 1993.

The following sets of examples are provided to illustrate how to make and use this invention. They are not intended to limit the scope of the invention but are given for illustration purposes only.

SYNTHETIC EXAMPLES Example 1

Preparation of cis- and trans- 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-ol!

Sodium cyanoborohydride (0.02 g, 0.32 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-one (0.1 g, 0.32 mmol, prepared as described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/130,215 filed 01, Oct. 1993, and a crystal of methyl orange indicator in methanol (2 mL). Hydrogen chloride-saturated methanol was added dropwise to maintain a red color. After 2 h, the reaction was treated with water and extracted three times with ether, the extract was dried (MgSO₄), was filtered and was evaporated. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography, eluting with 3:7 ethyl acetate/hexanes, to afford the cis-isomer as a colorless oil. Anal. (C₁₉ H₂₃ NO₃.1.125 H₂ O) calcd: C, 68.39; H, 7.63; N, 4.20; found: C, 68.33; H, 7.43; N, 3.93.

Also isolated was the trans-isomeras a colorless oil. ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.98 (m, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (m, 1H), 4.13 (m, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.42 (br d, J=11 Hz, 1H), 2.13 (br t, J=13 Hz, 1H), 1.8-2.0 (m, 8H), 1.6-1.8 (m, 5H), 1,30 (dq, J=12, 4.5 Hz, 1H) ppm.

Example 2

Preparation of cis- and trans- 1-tert.butoxycarbonylamino-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!

Sodium cyanoborohydride (0.2 g, 3.2 mmol) was added to a mixture of 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-one (0.1 g, 0.32 mmol), ammonium acetate (2.46 g, 31.9 mmol) and a spatula-tip of unactivated 3 Å molecular sieves in methanol (35 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 65 h. The reaction was treated with 5% aqueous sodium carbonate, was extracted three times with 5:95 methanoymethylene chloride, was dried (K₂ CO₃), was filtered and was concentrated. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography, eluting with 5:95 methanoymethylene chloride, to afford an inseparable mixture of isomeric amines as a colorless oil (0.34 g, 34%). This mixture (0.34 g, 1.0 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride (10 mL) and treated with di-tert-butyldicarbonate. After 16 h, the reaction was evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography, eluting with 35:65 ether/hexanes, to provide two isomeric products:

a) cis- 1-tert.butoxycarbonylamino-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!, a colorless oil, R_(f) 0.25 (35:65 ether/hexanes).

b) trans- 1-tert.butoxycarbonylamino-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!, a colorless oil, R_(f) 0.15 (35:65 ether/hexanes).

Example 3

Preparation of cis-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine, hydrochloride salt!

A solution of cis- 1-tert.butoxycarbonylamino-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane! (0.21 g, 0.52 mmol) in methylene chloride (2 mL) at 0° C. under an argon atmosphere was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL, 6.5 mmol). After 2 h at room temperature, the reaction was neutralized with sodium bicarbonate, was extracted three times with 5:95 methanol/methylene chloride, was dried (K₂ CO₃) and was evaporated to obtain the free amine (0.18 g, 97%) as a colorless oil. Treatment with hydrogen chloride-saturated ether provided the title compound as an off-white, very hygroscopic solid. mp 143°-145° C. Anal. (C₁₉ H₂₆ N₂ O₂.HCl.1.125 H₂ O) calcd: C, 61.49; H, 7.94; N, 7.54; found: C, 61.47; H, 7.92; N, 7.23.

Example 4

Preparation of trans- 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine, hydrochloride salt!

Following the same procedure, except substituting trans- 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine, hydrochloride salt!, the title compound was obtained as a pale gray, very hygroscopic solid. mp 187°-188° C. Anal. (C₁₉ H₂₆ N₂ O₂.HCl.0.5 H₂ O) calcd: C, 63.41; H, 7.56; N, 7.78; found: C, 63.52; H, 7.03; N, 7.66.

Example 5

Preparation of cis- 1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!

A solution of cis- 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine! (0.15 g, 0.48 mmol), pyridine (0.135 mL, 1.67 mmol) and acetic anhydride (0.135 mL, 1.44 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature under an argon atmosphere for 1 h. The solution was diluted with 5% hydrochloric acid and was extracted twice with dichloromethane. The organic extracts were dried (magnesium sulfate) and evaporated. Purification by flash chromatography, eluting with 2:98 methanol/dichloromethane, provided cis- 1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane! as a white foam. m.p. 52°-54° C. Anal. calcd. (C₂₁ H₂₈ N₂ O₃.0.25 H₂ O): C 69.90; H, 8.00; N, 7.80; found: C, 69.93; H, 8.11; N, 7.49.

Example 6

Preparation of trans- 1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!

A solution of trans- 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine! (0.15 g, 0.48 mmol), pyridine (0.135 mL, 1.67 mmol), and acetic anhydride (0.135 mL, 1.44 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature under an argon atmosphere for 3 h. The solution was diluted with 10% hydrochloric acid and extracted three times with dichloromethane. The organic extracts were dried (magnesium sulfate) and evaporated. Purification by flash chromatography, eluting with 2:98 methanol/dichloromethane, provided trans- 1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane! as a white foam. m.p. 57°-59° C. Anal. calcd. (C₂₁ H₂₈ N₂ O₃.0.25 H₂ O): C 69.90; H, 8.00; N, 7.80; found: C, 69.56; H, 8.15; N, 7.49.

Example 7

Preparation of cis- N-tert.butoxycarbonyl-N-methyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!

To a suspension of sodium hydride, 60% suspension in mineral oil (0.036 g, 0.90 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (2 drops) in dimethyl formamide (2 mL) at room temperature under an argon atmosphere was added a solution of cis- 1-tert.butoxycarbonylamino-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane! (0.31 g, 0.75 mmol) in dimethyl formamide (2 mL) and the reaction was stirred 0.5 h. Methyl iodide (0.07 mL, 1.13 mmol) was added and stiring was continued an additional 0.5 h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed four times with water and once with brine, was dried (magnesium sulfate) and evaporated. Purification bt flash chromatography provided cis- N-tert.butoxycarbonyl-N-methyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexyl-1-amine!as a white foam. m.p. 50°-51° C.

Example 8

Preparation of cis- N-methyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexyl-1-amine!

A solution of cis- N-tert.butoxycarbonyl-N-methyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexyl-1-amine! (0.263 g, 0.61 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL, 13 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) at room temperature under an argon atmosphere was stirred for 0.5 h. The reaction was diluted with sodium bicarbonate and water, was extracted with three times dichloromethane, was dried (magnesium sulfate) and was evaporated to provide cis- N-methyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexyl-1-amine!as a colorless oil. ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.00 (m, 2H), 6.85 (m, 1H), 6.80 (s, impurity), 4.80 (m, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, impurity), 3.72 (m, impurity), 3.05 (s, 1H), 2.68 (m, 1H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.38 (m, 1H), 2.23 (m, 1H), 1.4-2.1(m, 14H+impurity) ppm.

Example 9

Preparation of cis- N-methyl-1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!

A solution of cis- N-methyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine! (0.10 g, 0.30 mmol), pyridine (0.12 mL, 1.50 mmol) and acetic anhydride (0.085 mL, 0.90 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature under an argon atmosphere for 1 h. The solution was washed with 10% hydrochloric acid, was dried (magnesium sulfate) and was evaporated. Purification by flash chromatography, eluting with 2:98 methanol/dichloromethane, provided cis- N-methyl-1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane! as a colorless oil. ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.81 (m, 2H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 4.77 (m, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 2.93 (s, 3H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 2.42 (m, 1H), 1.8-2.0 (m, 9H), 1.72 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (s, 3H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 2H) ppm. Anal. calcd. (C₂₂ H₃₀ N₂ O₃.0.9 H₂ O): C 68.33; H, 8.28; N, 7.24; found: C, 67.93; H, 7.86; N, 7.05.

Example 10

Preparation of cis- N-methyl-N-methoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!

To a solution of cis- N-methyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine! (0.099 g, 0.30 mmol) and triethylamine (0.105 mL, 0.75 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) at 0° C. under an argon atmosphere was added dropwise methyl chloroformate (0.025 mL, 0.33 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 0.5 h. The solution was quenched with water and was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The organic extracts were dried (magnesium sulfate) and evaporated. Purification by flash chromatography, eluting with 35:65 ethyl acetate/hexanes, provided cis- N-methyl-N-methoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine! as a colorless oil. ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.81 (s, 2H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 4.77 (m, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.73 (m, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.36 (m, 1H), 1.8-2.0 (m, 10H), 1.73 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H), 1.4-1.6 (m, 3H) ppm. Anal. calcd. (C₂₂ H₃₀ N₂ O₄.0.67 H₂ O): C 66.31; H, 7.92; N, 7.03; found: C, 66.31; H, 7.86; N, 6.78.

Example 11

Preparation of trans- N-methoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!

To a solution of trans- 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine! (0.152 g, 0.48 mmol) and triethylamine (0.17 mL, 1.20 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) at 0° C. under an argon atmosphere was added dropwise methyl chloroformate (0.041 mL, 0.53 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. The solution was quenched with water and was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The organic extracts were dried (magnesium sulfate) and evaporated. Purification by flash chromatography, eluting with 3:7 ethyl acetate/hexanes, provided trans- N-methoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine! as a white foam. m.p.49°-51° C. Anal. calcd. (C₂₁ H₂₈ N₂ O₄.0.25 H₂ O): C 67.00; H, 7.70; N, 7.50; found C, 67.16; H, 7.82; N, 7.27.

Example 12

Preparation of cis- N-methoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!

To a solution of cis- 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine! (0.247 g, 0.72 mmol) and dimethyl formamide (one drop, catalytic) in dichloromethane (3.5 mL) at 0° C. under an argon atmosphere was added dropwise oxalyl chloride (0.70 mL, 0.79 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 1 h at room temperature, then was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in dry acetone (5 mL), cooled to 0° C., and added dropwise to a 0° C. solution of sodium azide (0.162 g, 2.5 mmol) in water (0.75 mL). After 15 min, a mixture of hexanes (6 mL)/water (6 mL) was added and the mixture was twice more extracted with hexanes, was dried (magnesium sulfate), was diluted with toluene (5 mL), and the hexane was evaporated. After heating for 1 h at 80°-85° C., methanol (0.065 mL, 1.5 mmol) was added, and heating was continued for an additional hour, followed by room temperature stirring for 16 h and heating for 7 h. The reaction was diluted with water and was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The organic extracts were dried (magnesium sulfate) and evaporated. Purification by flash chromatography, eluting with 25:75 ethyl acetate/hexanes, provided cis-N-carboxymethyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexylamine (0.117 g, 44%) as a white foam. m.p. 49°-50° C. Anal calcd (C₂₁ H₂₈ N₂ O₄.0.125 H₂ O): C, 67.31; H, 7.60; N, 7.48; found: C, 67.28; H, 7.53; N, 7.58.

METHODS OF TREATMENT

In order to use a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment of humans and other mammals, it is normally formulated in accordance with standard pharmaceutical practice as a pharmaceutical composition. The compounds of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the prophylatic or therapeutic treatment of any disease state in a human or other mammal which is mediated by inhibition of PDE IV, such as but not limited to asthma, allergic, or inflammatory diseases. The compounds of Formula (I) are administered in an amount sufficient to treat such a disease in a human or other mammal.

The method of treatment and monitoring for an HIV-infected human manifesting immune dysfunction or cytokine-mediated disease associated problems is taught in Hanna, WO 90/15534, Dec. 27, 1990. In general, an initial treatment regimen can be copied from that known to be effective in interfering with TNF activity for other TNF mediated disease states by the compounds of Formula (I). Treated individuals will be regularly checked for T cell numbers and T4/T8 ratios and/or measures of viremia such as levels of reverse transcriptase or viral proteins, and/or for progression of monokine-mediated disease associated problems such as cachexia or muscle degeneration. If no effect is seen following the normal treatment regimen, then the amount of the monokine activity interfering agent administered is increased, e.g., by fifty percent per week.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention will comprise an effective, non-toxic amount of a compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The compounds of Formula (I) are administered in conventional dosage forms prepared by combining a compound of Formula (I) in an amount sufficient to produce TNF production inhibiting activity, respectively, with standard pharmaceutical carriers according to conventional procedures. These procedures may involve mixing, granulating, and compressing or dissolving the ingredients as appropriate to the desired preparation.

Thus, if a solid carrier is used, the preparation can be tableted, placed in a hard gelatin capsule in powder or pellet form, or in the form of a troche or lozenge. The amount of solid carrier will vary widely but preferably will be from about 25 mg to about 1 gram. When a liquid carrier is used, the preparation will be in the form of a syrup, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule, sterile injectable liquid such as an ampule or nonaqueous liquid suspension. Where the composition is in the form of a capsule, any routine encapsulation is suitable, for example using the aforementioned carriers in a hard gelatin capsule shell. Where the composition is in the form of a soft gelatin shell capsule any pharmaceutical carrier routinely used for preparing dispersions or suspensions may be considered, for example aqueous gums, celluloses, silicates, or oils and are incorporated in a soft gelatin capsule shell. A syrup formulation will generally consist of a suspension or solution of the compound or salt in a liquid carrier for example, ethanol, glycerine, or water with a flavoring or coloring agent.

The daily dosage regimen for oral administration is suitably about 0.001 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, preferably 0.01 mg/Kg to 40 mg/Kg, of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof calculated as the free base. The active ingredient may be administered from 1 to 6 times a day, sufficient to exhibit activity.

While it is possible for an active ingredient to be administered neat, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical formulation. The active ingredient may comprise, for topical administration, from 0.001% to 10% w/w, e.g., from 1% to 2% by weight of formulation, although it may comprise as much as 10% w/w but preferably not in excess of 5% w/w and more preferably from 0.1% to 1% w/w of Formulation.

Formulations of the present invention comprise an active ingredient together with one or more acceptable carrier(s) thereof and optionally any other therapeutic ingredient(s). The carrier(s) must be `acceptable` in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of Formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

It will be recognized by one of skill in the art that the form and character of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is dictated by the amount of active ingredient with which it is to be combined, the route of administration, and other well-known variables.

UTILITY EXAMPLES

Example A

Inhibitory effect of compounds of Formula (I) on in vitro TNF production by human monocytes

The inhibitory effect of compounds of Formula (I) on in vitro TNF production by human monocytes may be determined by the protocol as described in Badger et al., EPO published Application 0 411 754 A2, Feb. 6, 1991, and in Hanna, WO 90/15534, Dec. 27, 1990.

Example B

Two models of endotoxic shock have been utilized to determine in vivo TNF activity for the compounds of Formula (I). The protocol used in these models is described in Badger et al., EPO published Application 0 411 754 A2, Feb. 6, 1991, and in Hanna, WO 90/15534, Dec. 27, 1990.

The exemplified compounds herein demonstrated a positive in vivo response in reducing serum levels of TNF induced by the injection of endotoxin.

No toxic effects are expected when these compounds are administered in accordance with the present invention.

Example C

Isolation of PDE Isozymes

The phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity and selectivity of the compounds of Formula (I) can be determined using a battery of five distinct PDE isozymes. The tissues used as sources of the different isozymes are as follows: 1) PDE Ib, porcine aorta; 2) PDE Ic, guinea-pig heart; 3) PDE III, guinea-pig heart; 4) PDE IV, human monocyte; and 5) PDE V (also called "Ia"), canine trachealis. PDEs Ia, Ib, Ic and III are partially purified using standard chromatographic techniques Torphy and Cieslinski, Mol. Pharmacol., 37:206-214, 1990!. PDE IV is purified to kinetic homogeneity by the sequential use of anion-exchange followed by heparin-Sepharose chromatography Torphy et al., J. Biol. Chem., 267:1798-1804, 1992!.

Phosphodiesterase activity is assayed as described in the protocol of Torphy and Cieslinski, Mol. Pharmacol., 37:206-214, 1990. Positive IC₅₀ 's in the nanomolar to μM range for compounds of the workings examples described herein for Formula (I) have been demonstrated.

Example D

The ability of selected PDE IV inhibitors to increase cAMP accumulation in intact tissues is assessed using U-937 cells, a human monocyte cell line that has been shown to contain a large amount of PDE IV. To assess the activity of PDE IV inhibition in intact cells, nondifferentiated U-937 cells (approximately 10⁵ cells/reaction tube) were incubated with various concentrations (0.01-1000 μM) of PDE inhibitors for one minute and 1 μM prostaglandin E2 for an additional four minutes. Five minutes after initiating the reaction, cells were lysed by the addition of 17.5% perchloric acid, the pH was neutralized by the addition of 1M potassium carbonate and cAMP content was assessed by RIA. A general protocol for this assay is described in Brooker et al., Radioimmunassay of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP., Adv. Cyclic Nucleotide Res., 10:1-33, 1979. The compounds of the working examples as described herein for Formula (I) have demonstrated a positive EC₅₀ s in the μM range in the above assay. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I): ##STR5## wherein: R₁ is --(CR₄ R₅)_(n) C(O)O(CR₄ R₅)_(m) R₆, --(CR₄ R₅)_(n) C(O)NR₄ (CR₄ R₅)_(m) R₆, --(CR₄ R₅)_(n) O(CR₄ R₅)_(m) R₆, or --(CR₄ R₅)_(r) R₆ wherein the alkyl moieties may be optionally substituted with one or more halogens;m is 0 to 2; n is 1 to 4; r is 0 to 6; R₄ and R₅ are independently selected from hydrogen or a C₁₋₂ alkyl; R₆ is hydrogen, methyl, hydroxyl, aryl, halo substituted aryl, aryloxyC₁₋₃ alkyl, halo substituted aryloxyC₁₋₃ alkyl, indanyl, indenyl, C₇₋₁₁ polycycloalkyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, furanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thienyl, tetrahudrothiopyranyl, thiopyranyl,! C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, or a C₄₋₆ cycloalkyl containing one or two unsaturated bonds, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocyclic moieties may be optionally substituted by 1 to 3 methyl groups or one ethyl group; provided that: a) when R₆ is hydroxyl, then m is 2; or b) when R₆ is hydroxyl, then r is 2 to 6; or c) when n is 1 and m is 0, then R₆ is other than H in --(CR₄ R₅)_(n) O(CR₄ R₅)_(m) R₆ ; X is YR₂, halogen, nitro, NR₄ R₅, or formyl amine; Y is O or S(O)_(m') ; m' is a number having a value of 0, 1, or 2; X₂ is O or NR₈ ; X₃ is hydrogen or X; R₂ is independently selected from --CH₃ or --CH₂ CH₃ optionally substituted by 1 or more halogens; s is 0 to 4; R₃ is CN; Z' is O, NR₉, NOR₈, NCN, C(--CN)₂, CR₈ CN, CR₈ NO₂, CR₈ C(O)OR₈, CR₈ C(O)NR₈ R₈, C(--CN)NO₂, C(--CN)C(O)OR₉, or C(--CN)C(O)NR₈ R₈ ; Z is OR₁₄, OR₁₅, SR₁₄, S(O)_(m') R₇, S(O)₂ NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₄ C(O)R₉, NR₁₀ C(Y')R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(O)OR₇, NR₁₀ C(Y')NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ S(O)₂ NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(NCN)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ S(O)₂ R₇, NR₁₀ C(CR₄ NO₂)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(NCN)SR₉, NR₁₀ C(CR₄ NO₂)SR₉, NR₁₀ C(NR₁₀)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₄, or NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)OR₁₄ ; Y' is O or S; R₇ is --(CR₄ R₅)_(q) R₁₂ or C₁₋₆ alkyl wherein the R₁₂ or C₁₋₆ alkyl group is optionally substituted one or more times by C₁₋₂ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines, --F, --Br, --Cl, --NO₂, --NR₁₀ R₁₁, --C(O)R₈, --C(O)OR₈, --OR₈, --CN, --C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --OC(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --OC(O)R₈, --NR₁₀ C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --NR₁₀ C(O)R₁₁, --NR₁₀ C(O)OR₉, --C(NR₁₀)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --C(NCN)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --C(NCN)SR₉. --NR₁₀ C(NCN)SR₉, --NR₁₀ C(NCN)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --NR₁₀ S(O)₂ R₉, --S(O)_(m') R₉, --NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₁, --NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)R₁₀ ; q is 0, 1, or 2; R₁₂ is C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, naphthyl, or phenyl; R₈ is independently selected from hydrogen or R₉ ; R_(8') is R₈ or fluorine; R₉ is C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines; R₁₀ is OR₈ or R₁₁ ;R₁₁ is hydrogen, or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by one to three fluorines; R₁₄ is hydrogen or R₇ ; R₁₅ is C(O)R₁₄, C(O)NR₄ R₁₄, S(O)₂ R₇, or S(O)₂ NR₄ R₁₄ ; provided that: d) when Z is --NH₂, NH(C₁₋₃ alkyl), N(C₁₋₃ alkyl)₂, NH(CH₂)₂₋₅ C(O)Ar where Ar is napthyl or phenyl then R₁ X₂ is not C₁₋₃ alkoxy and N is not halogen, methoxy, ethoxy methylthio or ethylthio; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 2. A compound of claim 1 which is:cis- N-methoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!; trans- N-methoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!; cis- N-methyl-N-methoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!; cis- N-methyl-1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!; cis- N-methyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexyl- 1-amine!; cis- N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-N-methyl-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine!; trans- 1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!; cis- 1-acetamido-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!; trans- 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine, hydrochloride salt!; cis-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-1-amine, hydrochloride salt!; cis- 1-tert.butoxycarbonylamino-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane! b) trans- 1-tert.butoxycarbonylamino-3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane!; and cis-and trans- 3-cyano-3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-ol!.
 3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 4. A method for treating an allergic or inflammatory state which method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) according to claim 1 alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 5. A method for inhibiting the production of tumor necrosis factor which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) according to claim 1 alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 6. A compound according to claim 1 wherein:R₁ is CH₂ -cyclopropyl, CH₂ -C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₇₋₁₁ polycycloalkyl, (3- or 4-cyclopentenyl), phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₂ alkyl optionally substituted by 1 or more fluorines, --(CH₂)₁₋₃ C(O)O(CH₂)₀₋₂ CH₃, --(CH₂)₁₋₃ O(CH₂)₀₋₂ CH₃, or --(CH₂)₂₋₄ OH; X is YR₂ where Y is oxygen; X₂ is oxygen; X₃ is hydrogen; R₂ is C₁₋₂ alkyl optionally substituted by 1 or more halogens; and Z is OR₁₄, OR₁₅, SR₁₄, S(O)_(m') R₇, S(O)₂ NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₄ C(O)R₉, NR₁₀ C(O)R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(O)OR₇, NR₁₀ C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ S(O)₂ NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(NCN)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ S(O)₂ R₇, NR₁₀ C(CR₄ NO₂)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(NCN)SR₉, NR₁₀ C(CR₄ NO₂)SR₉, NR₁₀ C(NR₁₀)NR₁₀ R₁₄, NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)NR₁₀ R₁₄, or NR₁₀ C(O)C(O)OR₁₄.
 7. A compound according to claim 1 wherein:R₁ is --CH₂ -cyclopropyl, --CH₂ -C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl, --C₄₋₆ cycloalkyl, (3- or 4-cyclopentenyl), benzyl or --C₁₋₂ alkyl optionally substituted by 1 or more fluorines, or --(CH₂)₂₋₄ OH; R₂ is methyl or fluoro-substituted alkyl; and X is YR₂.
 8. A compound according to claim 1 wherein:R₁ is --CH₂ -cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, methyl or CF₂ H; R₃ is CN; X is YR₂ ; Y is oxygen; X₂ is oxygen; X₃ is hydrogen; and R₂ is CF₂ H or methyl. phosphodiesterase IV and are therefore useful in the treatment of disease states in need of mediation or inhibition thereof. 